Smoking or Alcohol

Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption have detrimental effects on male fertility. Smoking is linked to reduced sperm count, motility, and abnormal sperm shape. Alcohol can disrupt hormone levels, decrease testosterone production, and impair sperm quality. Both substances can cause DNA damage in sperm, increasing the risk of infertility and negatively impacting pregnancy outcomes. Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol intake can improve fertility potential.